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<title>Robotic mapping</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Robotic mapping</span></span>

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<p><b>Robotic mapping</b> is a discipline related to <a href="Computer_vision" title="Computer vision">computer vision</a><sup id="cite_ref-Juan-Antonio2012_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Juan-Antonio2012-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="Cartography" title="Cartography">cartography</a>. The goal for an <a href="Autonomous_robot" title="Autonomous robot">autonomous robot</a> is to be able to construct (or use) a map (outdoor use) or <a href="Floor_plan" title="Floor plan">floor plan</a> (indoor use) and to localize itself and its recharging bases or beacons in it. Robotic mapping is that branch which deals with the study and application of the ability to localize itself in a map/plan, and sometimes to construct the map or floor plan by the autonomous <a href="Robot" title="Robot">robot</a>.

</p><p>Evolutionarily shaped blind action may suffice to keep some animals alive. For some <a href="Insect" title="Insect">insects</a>, for example, the environment is not interpreted as a map, and they survive only with a triggered response. A slightly more elaborate navigation strategy dramatically enhances the capabilities of the robot. <a href="Cognitive_map" title="Cognitive map">Cognitive maps</a> enable planning capacities and the use of current perceptions, memorized events, and expected consequences.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operation">Operation</h2></div>

<p>The robot has two sources of information: the <a href="Idiothetic" title="Idiothetic">idiothetic</a> and the <a href="Allothetic" title="Allothetic">allothetic</a> sources. When in motion, a robot can use <a href="Dead_reckoning" title="Dead reckoning">dead reckoning</a> methods such as tracking the number of revolutions of its wheels; this corresponds to the <a href="Idiothetic" title="Idiothetic">idiothetic</a> source and can give the absolute position of the robot, but it is subject to cumulative error, which can grow quickly.

</p><p>The <a href="Allothetic" title="Allothetic">allothetic</a> source corresponds to the sensors of the robot, like a camera, a microphone, <a href="Laser" title="Laser">laser</a>, <a href="Lidar" title="Lidar">lidar</a>, or <a href="Sonar" title="Sonar">sonar</a>. The problem here is "perceptual aliasing". This means that two different places can be perceived as the same. For example, in a building, it is nearly impossible to determine a location solely with the visual information, because all the corridors may look the same.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 3-dimensional models of a robot's environment can be generated using <a href="Range_imaging" title="Range imaging">range imaging</a> sensors<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="3D_scanner" class="mw-redirect" title="3D scanner">3D scanners</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Saeed2011_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saeed2011-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Map_representation">Map representation</h2></div>

<p>The internal representation of the map can be "metric" or "topological":<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<ul><li>The metric framework is the most common for humans and considers a two-dimensional space in which it places the objects. The objects are placed with precise coordinates. This representation is very useful, but it is sensitive to noise, and it is difficult to calculate the distances precisely.</li>

<li>The topological framework only considers places and relations between them. Often, the distances between places are stored. The map is then a <a href="Graph_(discrete_mathematics)" title="Graph (discrete mathematics)">graph</a>, in which the nodes correspond to places and arcs correspond to the paths.</li></ul>

<p>Many techniques use probabilistic representations of the map in order to handle uncertainty.

</p><p>There are three main methods of map representations, i.e., free space maps, object maps, and composite maps. These employ the notion of a grid, but permit the resolution of the grid to vary so that it can become finer where more accuracy is needed and more coarse where the map is uniform.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Map_learning">Map learning</h2></div>

<p>Map learning cannot be separated from the localization process, and a difficulty arises when errors in localization are incorporated into the map. This problem is commonly referred to as <a href="Simultaneous_localization_and_mapping" title="Simultaneous localization and mapping">Simultaneous localization and mapping</a> (SLAM).

</p><p>An important additional problem is to determine whether the robot is in a part of environment already stored or never visited. One way to solve this problem is by using <a href="Electric_beacon" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric beacon">electric beacons</a>, <a href="Near_field_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Near field communication">Near field communication</a> (NFC), <a href="WiFi" class="mw-redirect" title="WiFi">WiFi</a>, <a href="Visible_light_communication" title="Visible light communication">Visible light communication</a> (VLC) and <a href="Li-Fi" title="Li-Fi">Li-Fi</a> and <a href="Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Path_planning">Path planning</h2></div>

<p><a href="Motion_planning" title="Motion planning">Path planning</a> is an important issue as it allows a robot to get from point A to point B. Path planning algorithms are measured by their computational complexity. The feasibility of real-time motion planning is dependent on the accuracy of the map (or <a href="Floorplan" class="mw-redirect" title="Floorplan">floorplan</a>), on robot localization and on the number of obstacles. Topologically, the problem of path planning is related to the <a href="Shortest_path_problem" title="Shortest path problem">shortest path problem</a> of finding a route between two nodes in a <a href="Graph_(discrete_mathematics)" title="Graph (discrete mathematics)">graph</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Robot_navigation">Robot navigation </h2></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Robot_navigation" title="Robot navigation">Robot navigation</a></div>

<p>Outdoor robots can use GPS in a similar way to <a href="Automotive_navigation_system" title="Automotive navigation system">automotive navigation systems</a>.

</p><p>Alternative systems can be used with <a href="Floor_plan" title="Floor plan">floor plan</a> and beacons instead of <a href="Map" title="Map">maps</a> for indoor robots, combined with localization wireless hardware.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Electric_beacon" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric beacon">Electric beacons</a> can help for cheap robot navigational systems.

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<ul><li><a href="Automotive_navigation_system" title="Automotive navigation system">Automotive navigation system</a></li>

<li><a href="Domestic_robot" title="Domestic robot">Domestic robot</a></li>

<li>AVM Navigator</li>

<li><a href="Dead_reckoning" title="Dead reckoning">Dead reckoning</a></li>

<li><a href="Electric_beacon" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric beacon">Electric beacon</a></li>

<li><a href="Home_automation_for_the_elderly_and_disabled" title="Home automation for the elderly and disabled">Home automation for the elderly and disabled</a></li>

<li><a href="Internet_of_Things" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet of Things">Internet of Things</a> (IoT)</li>

<li><a href="Indoor_positioning_system" title="Indoor positioning system">Indoor positioning system</a></li>

<li><a href="Map_database_management" title="Map database management">Map database management</a></li>

<li><a href="Maze_Simulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Maze Simulator">Maze Simulator</a></li>

<li><a href="Mobile_robot" title="Mobile robot">Mobile robot</a></li>

<li><a href="Neato_Robotics" class="mw-redirect" title="Neato Robotics">Neato Robotics</a></li>

<li><a href="PatrolBot" title="PatrolBot">PatrolBot</a></li>

<li><a href="Real-time_locating_system" title="Real-time locating system">Real-time locating system</a> (RTLS).</li>

<li><a href="Robotics_suite" title="Robotics suite">Robotics suite</a></li>

<li><a href="Occupancy_grid" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupancy grid">Occupancy grid</a></li>

<li><a href="Simultaneous_localization_and_mapping" title="Simultaneous localization and mapping">Simultaneous localization and mapping</a> (SLAM)</li>

<li><a href="Multi_Autonomous_Ground-robotic_International_Challenge" title="Multi Autonomous Ground-robotic International Challenge">Multi Autonomous Ground-robotic International Challenge</a>: A challenge requiring multiple vehicles to collaboratively map a large, dynamic urban environment</li>

<li><a href="Wayfinding" title="Wayfinding">Wayfinding</a></li>

<li><a href="Wi-Fi_positioning_system" title="Wi-Fi positioning system">Wi-Fi positioning system</a> (WPS)</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFFernández-Madrigal,_Juan-Antonio2012" class="citation book cs1">Fernández-Madrigal, Juan-Antonio (30 September 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JbaeBQAAQBAJ"><i>Simultaneous Localization and Mapping for Mobile Robots: Introduction and Methods: Introduction and Methods</i></a>. <a href="IGI_Global" title="IGI Global">IGI Global</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4666-2105-3</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Filliat, David, and Jean-Arcady Meyer. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hal.upmc.fr/docs/00/65/54/73/PDF/Filliat-Meyer_Navigation_Cartes.pdf">Map-based navigation in mobile robots:: I. a review of localization strategies</a>." Cognitive Systems Research 4.4 (2003): 243-282.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jensen, Björn, et al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.research-collection.ethz.ch/bitstream/handle/20.500.11850/82655/1/eth-8118-01.pdf">Laser range imaging using mobile robots: From pose estimation to 3D-models</a>. ETH-Zürich, 2005, 2005.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Surmann, Hartmut, Andreas Nüchter, and Joachim Hertzberg. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.inf.uni-osnabrueck.de/hertzberg/Papers/SurmannEtAlRAAS-2003.pdf">An autonomous mobile robot with a 3D laser range finder for 3D exploration and digitalization of indoor environments</a>." Robotics and Autonomous Systems 45.3-4 (2003): 181-198.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Saeed2011-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Saeed2011_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMalik,_Aamir_Saeed2011" class="citation book cs1">Malik, Aamir Saeed (30 November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ouyeBQAAQBAJ"><i>Depth Map and 3D Imaging Applications: Algorithms and Technologies: Algorithms and Technologies</i></a>. <a href="IGI_Global" title="IGI Global">IGI Global</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-61350-327-0</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Sebastian_Thrun" title="Sebastian Thrun">Thrun, Sebastian</a>. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/82741752.pdf">Learning metric-topological maps for indoor mobile robot navigation</a>." Artificial Intelligence 99.1 (1998): 21-71.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indooratlas.com/">"Your partner in creating smart indoor spaces"</a>. <i>IndoorAtlas</i>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ijme.us/issues/spring2014/Z__IJME%20spring%202014%20v14%20n2%20(PDW-3).pdf#page=30">"An Autonomous Passive RFID-Assisted Mobile Robot System for Indoor Positioning"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite></span>

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</style><div id="Robotics434" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Robotics" title="Robotics">Robotics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Outline_of_robotics" title="Outline of robotics">Outline</a></li>

<li><a href="Glossary_of_robotics" title="Glossary of robotics">Glossary</a></li>

<li><a href="Index_of_robotics_articles" title="Index of robotics articles">Index</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_robots" title="History of robots">History</a></li>

<li><a href="Geography_of_robotics" title="Geography of robotics">Geography</a></li>

<li><a href="Robot_ethics" title="Robot ethics">Ethics</a></li>

<li><a href="Robot_competition" title="Robot competition">Competitions</a></li>

<li><a href="Competitions_and_prizes_in_artificial_intelligence" title="Competitions and prizes in artificial intelligence">AI competitions</a></li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Robot" title="Robot">Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aerobot" title="Aerobot">Aerobot</a></li>

<li><a href="Anthropomorphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropomorphic">Anthropomorphic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Humanoid_robot" title="Humanoid robot">Humanoid</a></li>

<li><a href="Android_(robot)" title="Android (robot)">Android</a></li>

<li><a href="Cyborg" title="Cyborg">Cyborg</a></li>

<li><a href="Gynoid" title="Gynoid">Gynoid</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Claytronics" class="mw-redirect" title="Claytronics">Claytronics</a></li>

<li><a href="Companion_robot" title="Companion robot">Companion</a></li>

<li><a href="Automaton" title="Automaton">Automaton</a>

<ul><li><a href="Animatronics" title="Animatronics">Animatronic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Audio-Animatronics" title="Audio-Animatronics">Audio-Animatronics</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Industrial_robot" title="Industrial robot">Industrial</a></li>

<li><a href="Articulated_robot" title="Articulated robot">Articulated</a>

<li><a href="Domestic_robot" title="Domestic robot">Domestic</a></li>

<li><a href="Educational_robotics" title="Educational robotics">Educational</a></li>

<li><a href="Entertainment_robot" title="Entertainment robot">Entertainment</a></li>

<li><a href="Juggling_robot" title="Juggling robot">Juggling</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_robot" title="Military robot">Military</a></li>

<li><a href="Medical_robot" title="Medical robot">Medical</a></li>

<li><a href="Service_robot" title="Service robot">Service</a></li>

<li><a href="Disability_robot" class="mw-redirect" title="Disability robot">Disability</a></li>

<li><a href="Agricultural_robot" title="Agricultural robot">Agricultural</a></li>

<li><a href="Automated_restaurant" title="Automated restaurant">Food service</a></li>

<li><a href="Automated_retail" title="Automated retail">Retail</a></li>

<li><a href="BEAM_robotics" title="BEAM robotics">BEAM robotics</a></li>

<li><a href="Soft_robotics" title="Soft robotics">Soft robotics</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classifications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Biorobotics" title="Biorobotics">Biorobotics</a></li>

<li><a href="Cloud_robotics" title="Cloud robotics">Cloud robotics</a></li>

<li><a href="Continuum_robot" title="Continuum robot">Continuum robot</a></li>

<li><a href="Unmanned_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Unmanned vehicle">Unmanned vehicle</a>

<ul><li><a href="Unmanned_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned aerial vehicle">aerial</a></li>

<li><a href="Unmanned_ground_vehicle" title="Unmanned ground vehicle">ground</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Mobile_robot" title="Mobile robot">Mobile robot</a></li>

<li><a href="Microbotics" title="Microbotics">Microbotics</a></li>

<li><a href="Nanorobotics" title="Nanorobotics">Nanorobotics</a></li>

<li><a href="Necrobotics" title="Necrobotics">Necrobotics</a></li>

<li><a href="Robotic_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic spacecraft">Robotic spacecraft</a>

<ul><li><a href="Space_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Space probe">Space probe</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Swarm_robotics" title="Swarm robotics">Swarm</a></li>

<li><a href="Telerobotics" title="Telerobotics">Telerobotics</a></li>

<li><a href="Autonomous_underwater_vehicle" title="Autonomous underwater vehicle">Underwater</a>

<ul><li><a href="Remotely_operated_underwater_vehicle" title="Remotely operated underwater vehicle">remotely-operated</a></li>

<li><a href="Robotic_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic fish">Robotic fish</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Robot_locomotion" title="Robot locomotion">Locomotion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Continuous_track" title="Continuous track">Tracks</a></li>

<li><a href="Legged_robot" title="Legged robot">Walking</a>

<ul><li><a href="Hexapod_(robotics)" title="Hexapod (robotics)">Hexapod</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Climber_(BEAM)" class="mw-redirect" title="Climber (BEAM)">Climbing</a></li>

<li><a href="Electric_unicycle" title="Electric unicycle">Electric unicycle</a></li>

<li><a href="Robotic_fin" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic fin">Robotic fins</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Robotic_navigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic navigation">Navigation</a> and </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Motion_planning" title="Motion planning">Motion planning</a></li>

<li><a href="Simultaneous_localization_and_mapping" title="Simultaneous localization and mapping">Simultaneous localization and mapping</a></li>

<li><a href="Visual_odometry" title="Visual odometry">Visual odometry</a></li>

<li><a href="Vision-guided_robot_systems" title="Vision-guided robot systems">Vision-guided robot systems</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Evolutionary_robotics" title="Evolutionary robotics">Evolutionary</a></li>

<li><a href="Robotics_simulator" title="Robotics simulator">Simulator</a></li>

<li><a href="Robotics_suite" title="Robotics suite">Suite</a></li>

<li><a href="Open-source_robotics" title="Open-source robotics">Open-source</a></li>

<li><a href="Robot_software" title="Robot software">Software</a></li>

<li><a href="Adaptable_robotics" title="Adaptable robotics">Adaptable</a></li>

<li><a href="Developmental_robotics" title="Developmental robotics">Developmental</a></li>

<li><a href="Human%E2%80%93robot_interaction" title="Human–robot interaction">Human–robot interaction</a></li>

<li><a href="Robotic_paradigm" title="Robotic paradigm">Paradigms</a></li>

<li><a href="Perceptual_robotics" title="Perceptual robotics">Perceptual</a></li>

<li><a href="Situated_robotics" title="Situated robotics">Situated</a></li>

<li><a href="Ubiquitous_robot" title="Ubiquitous robot">Ubiquitous</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_robotics_companies" title="List of robotics companies">Companies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Amazon_Robotics" title="Amazon Robotics">Amazon Robotics</a></li>

<li><a href="Anybots" title="Anybots">Anybots</a></li>

<li><a href="Barrett_Technology" title="Barrett Technology">Barrett Technology</a></li>

<li><a href="Boston_Dynamics" title="Boston Dynamics">Boston Dynamics</a></li>

<li><a href="Doosan_Robotics" title="Doosan Robotics">Doosan Robotics</a></li>

<li><a href="Energid_Technologies" title="Energid Technologies">Energid Technologies</a></li>

<li><a href="FarmWise" title="FarmWise">FarmWise</a></li>

<li><a href="FANUC" title="FANUC">FANUC</a></li>

<li><a href="Figure_AI" title="Figure AI">Figure AI</a></li>

<li><a href="Foster-Miller" title="Foster-Miller">Foster-Miller</a></li>

<li><a href="Harvest_Automation" title="Harvest Automation">Harvest Automation</a></li>

<li><a href="HD_Hyundai_Robotics" title="HD Hyundai Robotics">HD Hyundai Robotics</a></li>

<li><a href="Honeybee_Robotics" title="Honeybee Robotics">Honeybee Robotics</a></li>

<li><a href="Intuitive_Surgical" title="Intuitive Surgical">Intuitive Surgical</a></li>

<li><a href="IRobot" title="IRobot">IRobot</a></li>

<li><a href="Rainbow_Robotics" title="Rainbow Robotics">Rainbow Robotics</a></li>

<li><a href="Starship_Technologies" title="Starship Technologies">Starship Technologies</a></li>

<li><a href="Symbotic" title="Symbotic">Symbotic</a></li>

<li><a href="Universal_Robotics" title="Universal Robotics">Universal Robotics</a></li>

<li><a href="Wolf_Robotics" title="Wolf Robotics">Wolf Robotics</a></li>

<li><a href="Yaskawa_Electric_Corporation" title="Yaskawa Electric Corporation">Yaskawa</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li>

<li><a href="Powered_exoskeleton" class="mw-redirect" title="Powered exoskeleton">Powered exoskeleton</a></li>

<li><a href="Workplace_robotics_safety" title="Workplace robotics safety">Workplace robotics safety</a>

<ul><li><a href="Robotic_tech_vest" title="Robotic tech vest">Robotic tech vest</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Technological_unemployment" title="Technological unemployment">Technological unemployment</a></li>

<li><a href="Terrainability" title="Terrainability">Terrainability</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_fictional_robots_and_androids" title="List of fictional robots and androids">Fictional robots</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> <b>Category</b></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"></span></span> <b><a href="Outline_of_robotics" title="Outline of robotics">Outline</a></b></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-06-03" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Robotic_mapping&oldid=1293818894">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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